The Constitution: Taxes, Voting Rights, and Prohibition

The Constitution has been customized 27 times. The most popular modifications are the extremely first 10: the Bill of Rights. What do you understand about the others? John Yoo, Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, breaks them down.

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Script:

The Constitution has actually been amended 27 times. That may seem like a lot, however that’s over the course of virtually 250 years.

And consider this: practically 12,000 changes have really been proposed. That fewer than 30 have actually made it through the change procedure is a testimony to the strength of the Framers’ initial style.

The most popular modifications are, undoubtedly, the first 10: the Bill of Rights. Most of the others fall under three broad categories.

Those that expanded the franchise– ballot rights.

Those that expanded the federal government’s power.

And those that set problems linking to the work environment of the presidency.

Let’s look at each classification.

Category one: those that widened the franchise– tally rights.

The 17th Amendment, validated in 1913, took the choice of senators out of the hands of state legislatures and positioned it into the hands of the people. The Framers had in fact believed that state authorities would jointly have a better grasp of the state’s requirements than would normal homeowners.

The 19th Amendment, confirmed in 1920, ensures that suffrage “will not be denied … on account of sex.” To put it merely, females were offered the right to vote.

There was definitely nothing in the Constitution that forbade females from ballot. It was just thought to be unwanted. This was the basic belief held by males and females at the time of the Constitution’s writing.

The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century altered this formula as increasingly more girls joined the manpower. Ladies began to demand the right to reveal themselves as private people. The 19th Amendment guaranteed that right at the tally box.

The 23rd Amendment, confirmed in 1961, included the District of Columbia in governmental elections. Considering That Washington DC isn’t a state, it originally didn’t have any electoral votes. When its population grew bigger than some states, it appeared to make good sense to provide the district representation in the nationwide election.

The 24th Amendment, confirmed in 1964, prohibited poll taxes– costs implemented by states on citizens, specifically black people. By 1964, five southern states still had poll taxes on their books, a residue of Jim Crow laws. By restricting the tax, the 24th Amendment ended a blatant type of discrimination.

The 26th Amendment, ratified in 1971, decreased the minimum age of tally from 21 to 18. With soldiers as young as 18 combating in World War II, and then in Vietnam, lots of felt that if you were young adequate to get rid of, you were old sufficient to pick the leaders who might send you into war.

Category two: the adjustments that widened the federal government’s power.

The 16th Amendment, ratified in 1913, used Congress the “power to lay and collect taxes on incomes.”

As wealth disparity increased between farmers, workers, and a brand-new class of splendidly rich industrialists like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan, so did the belief for an earnings tax.

The leading tax rate shot up from 7% to 77% to fund World War I, and then 94% to fund World War II. Of course, the income tax didn’t stay limited to the rich, as any young private getting his very first paycheck can validate.

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The most popular adjustments are the really first ten: the Bill of Rights. The 17th Amendment, validated in 1913, took the selection of senators out of the hands of state legislatures and placed it into the hands of the voters. The 23rd Amendment, ratified in 1961, consisted of the District of Columbia in governmental elections. The 24th Amendment, ratified in 1964, prohibited poll taxes– charges enforced by states on citizens, specifically black citizens. By forbiding the tax, the 24th Amendment ended a straight-out kind of discrimination.

The 24th Amendment, verified in 1964, forbade poll taxes– costs imposed by states on citizens, particularly black people. By prohibiting the tax, the 24th Amendment ended an outright type of discrimination.

The 17th Amendment, validated in 1913, took the choice of senators out of the hands of state legislatures and placed it into the hands of the voters. The 24th Amendment, validated in 1964, prohibited poll taxes– charges enforced by states on voters, particularly black citizens. By restricting the tax, the 24th Amendment ended an outright form of discrimination.